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Some Animals Are More Equal: Favouritism in Our Society

  All Animals Are Equal, But Some Are More Equal: The Farm We Live In   A reflection with pen, paper, and open eyes The last commandment on the barn wall, repainted when nobody was looking. I picked up my pen to write about a book written in 1945, and halfway through the first paragraph I realised I wasn't writing about the past at all. In George Orwell's Animal Farm , the animals drive out their cruel human farmer and promise each other a fair life. They paint seven commandments on the barn wall. The last one reads: "All animals are equal." Over time, the pigs, who are cleverer and now in charge, start taking the milk and the apples "for the good of everyone." They sleep in beds, walk on two legs, and drink alcohol. One morning the animals look at the wall and find that the final commandment has grown a tail: "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others." Nobody voted on it. It just appeared, and everyone sl...
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Aurat March in Pakistan: Necessary Voice or Distraction? A Debate Guide

  By Mariam · Debate Series: Feminism Motion: "This house believes that Women's Day marches in Pakistan are necessary and do not distract from women's real problems." Few events divide Pakistani public opinion as sharply as the Aurat March. For some people it is a rare space where women speak openly about violence, unpaid work and consent. For others it is a loud event, led by a small urban group, that offends social values and pulls attention away from basic issues like education, health and safety. This post lays out the background, the numbers and the strongest arguments on both sides, so you can debate the motion either way, or decide for yourself. In this post 1. Background: How did we get here? 2. The numbers behind the debate 3. The case FOR the marches 4. The case AGAINST (or the "distraction" argument) 5. The middle ground 6. Linking the debate to feminist theory 7. Debate preparation kit Sources and notes 1. Background: How Did We Get Here? The Au...

Feminism and Postfeminism: Literary Theory Notes for BS English

  By Mariam · BS English · Literary Theory Feminism and postfeminism are two of the most useful (and most debated) ideas in literary theory. This post explains both in simple steps: what they mean, how they developed, who the key thinkers are, and how to apply them to texts in your exams. In this post Part 1: Feminism Part 2: Feminist literary criticism Part 3: Postfeminism Part 4: Feminism vs Postfeminism Part 5: Exam tips, questions and further reading The Waves of Feminism at a Glance First Wave late 1800s – early 1900s Right to vote Education, property and legal rights Mary Wollstonecraft Second Wave 1960s – 1980s Work, family, body "The personal is political" de Beauvoir, Friedan Third Wave 1990s – 2000s Difference and identity Race, class, sexuality (intersectionality) Butler, Crenshaw, hooks Fourth Wave 2010s onward Online activism Harassment and consent (#MeToo) Social media campaigns Wave dates are approximate. The wave model is a teaching tool, and some scholars cr...