From Mirror to Lamp: M.H. Abrams and the Shift in Literary Criticism
"The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition" by M.H. Abrams is one of the most influential works in literary criticism. Published in 1953, it explores the shift in literary theory from the neoclassical to the Romantic era. Below is a detailed explanation of the book, chapter by chapter, with key ideas and analysis. 📘 Overview and Central Metaphors Abrams uses two central metaphors: Mirror : Represents neoclassical theory — literature reflects the external world (objective reality). Lamp : Represents Romantic theory — literature shines from within the author, expressing internal feelings, imagination, and creativity. 🧠 Main Argument Literary criticism evolved from objective imitation (classical thought) to subjective expression (Romanticism). Abrams traces this transformation, showing how the poet's inner world became central in Romantic literature. 🧩 Chapter-Wise Detailed Summary Chapter 1: Orientation of Critical Th...